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Adhesive-joint-designfor uniform successful stressing.SOLUTIONS with Effective, Practical AdviceClever Adhesive-joint-design considers special advantages and limitations of this class of joining processes. It also takes into account joining These are a most important factor for the successful application of In a previous page on Adhesive Bonding, including also Advantages and Limitations, we introduced this important group of processes. It is uniquely suited to provide effective joining solution when the adhesive system characteristics are exploited. Also when all manufacturing requirements and safety provisions are duly accounted for. In this new page we intend to concentrate on Adhesive-joint-design.
The first and foremost consideration for Adhesive-joint-design is to scrutinize the adhesion types of stress felt by the adhesive bonded joint. The stressing mode to prefer in Adhesive-joint-design is that involving shear stress, stressing along the plane of the joint. This is the most effective mode of stressing where the properties of the bonding material, the adhesive, are used to their best capability.
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The importance of good Adhesive-joint-design for load carrying capability of Adhesive bonded joints cannot be overstated. The outstanding advantage of an adhesive joint is that stresses are distributed relatively more uniformly throughout the joint than with other localized methods (spot welding, riveting, bolting etc.).
Adhesive bonded joints however do not present absolute uniform loading as stresses concentrate at the borders of the joint.
The main reason why one has to reckon also other less favorable stressing conditions in Adhesive-joint-design, is that only seldom the load types give rise to a well defined and pure shear stress in the adhesive bonded joint. In most of practical cases there will be a mixed stress situation where also less favorable tensile, cleavage and peel stresses will be active as follows:
An interesting mixed solution (also called Hybrid Joining) designed to avoid the peel stress in the adhesive consists in fixing the free end of the joint by means of a mechanical fastener (rivet or bolt-nut) or of a resistance spot weld. Torsion stress that operates between adhesive bonded concentric elements transmitting or resisting torque is similar in behavior to shear stress. Another torsion stress may exist between two elements adhesive bonded across a plane area if a rotary moment is active, stressing the joint in torsion. Compression stress is not dangerous to the integrity of the joint in that it does not try to separate the elements from one another. When considering upgrading of a joint originally designed for welding, one cannot, in general, substitute the application of a structural adhesive for whatever process was used before. One should instead take advantage of the special properties of adhesives, and beware of their limitations. Once determined the joint type, one has to establish the actual design dimensions and tolerances. In particular the gap has an important influence on strength and should be carefully selected. In general a thin adhesive layer is preferred. A decrease in the apparent shear strength is reported as the bond line thickness is increased. It is so qualified (apparent) because it was found to be highly dependent on the adherend bending stiffness, which directly affects the peel stress distributions in the adhesive layer. In a study of the single lap joint described in the ASTM D1002 testing procedure it was found that due to the material elastic mismatch and the eccentricity of the test setup, a mixed mode loading is introduced to the adhesive joint. Therefore it is doubtful if results from this test can be used as Adhesive-joint-design criteria. Of the properties of adhesive and adherends likely to influence the stress condition in the joint one should consider:
For standard applications of commercial adhesives the following Adhesive-joint-design guidelines are proposed, besides the already recommended stressing of the adhesive joint in shear and avoiding as much as possible peel and cleavage stresses :
Furthermore manufacturing practice should promote uniform, void free adhesive joint. Accepted testing standards for Adhesive-bonding joints are:
ASTM D1002-10
ASTM D1876-08
Adhesive Manufacturers use to publish typical data of their products referring to these standard tests. See also the following: TWI - Adhesive bonding - a guide to best practice Adhesive Tool Kit For a thorough study of all aspects of Adhesive Joining and Adhesive-joint-design you may wish to consider investing in the fundamental book on Adhesive Bonding
Conclusion
Although Adhesive-joint-design has enjoyed successful applications in many industries, including aerospace, marine, automotive and transportation, especially because of its potential to reduce weight of joints, there is a widespread hesitation to implement complete transition to structural adhesive bonding. Replacing traditional fasteners in primary structural applications by structural adhesive bonding would require a more thorough understanding of bonded joint performance over the life of a structure, including properties like overall joint toughness, creep, and fatigue. Furthermore, despite huge progress, there is still lack of confidence in the ability to control all adhesive application manufacturing variables, to the extent needed for validation of adhesive bonded systems capability to meet service requirements for these structures in the total absence of mechanical fasteners. Therefore development will probably take the time needed to obtain more and better research results and to accumulate richer experience. Only then bolder application will slowly be introduced until primary structural adhesive joints will become commonplace although produced through highly demanding requirements and manufactured by specialized facilities. An Article on Testing Automotive Composites was published (3) in Issue 152 of Practical Welding Letter for April 2016.
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Adhesive-joint-design is a complex and difficult discipline. To achieve success, specialized help should be sought from Institutes or individuals of proven competence and experience.
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